Water treatment filter, always called trickling filter, is is widly used for the water treatment for industrial wastes. It aim to remove teh BOD5 and suspended solids.
Process Description:
Wastewater is distributed evenly over the water treatment fill media. As the wastewater flows over the surface of the fill media, the organisms in the slime remove the organic matter from the flow. The organisms aerobically decompose the solids which producing more organisms and stable wastes which either become part of the slime or are discharged back into the wastewater flowing over the fill media. The wastewater continues through the trickling filter to the underdrain system where it is collected and carried out of the filter. In the same time air flows through the filter (bottom to top or top to bottom depending on temperature). Oxygen is transferred from the air to the wastewater and slime to maintain the aerobic conditions. Periodically the slime on the fill media becomes too heavy and portions will be released. This material, known as sloughings, is carried out of the filter with the wastewater flow and removed in the settling tank following the filter.
The performance of the trickling filter is dependent on:
Hydraulic loading
Organic loading
Temperature
Recirculation
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Biological Treatment Trickling Filter
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Types of Water Treatment Filter
Trickling filter at a low rate or Low-Rate Trickling Filters (LRTF)
The standard rate or low-rate trickling filters (LRTF) are very basic treatment devices that often yield constant effluent quality even when influent intensity varies. They are not usually supplied with effluent recirculation. Depending on the dosing system, wastewater is sprayed intermittently with rest intervals of no more than five minutes at the designated waste flow rate.
High-Rate Trickling Filters (HRTF)
A portion of the treated settling effluent is pumped to the PST or the filter. The recirculation of wastewater is a critical component of the HRTF. As a result, the entering wastewater is diluted and the TSS content is lowered. High-rate filters often have greater hydraulic and organic loadings than low-rate filters. The increased BOD loading is achieved by adding a greater volume of waste per unit surface area of the filter. Incorporating recirculation is one way to improve the efficiency of a trickling filter. The hydraulic loading per unit area of filter media increases when recirculation is utilized.
Roughing Filter
Roughing filters are high-rate filters with plastic packing. Roughing filters are often used to treat wastewater prior to subsequent treatment. When compared to the activated sludge process, one of the advantages of roughingfilter is the low energy demand for BOD removal of high strength wastewaters since the energy required is solely for pumping the influent wastewater and recirculation flows.
Two-Stage Trickling Filters
A two-stage TF system with SST effluent recirculation is used. With high strength wastewater, a two-stage TF system with an intermediate settling tank (IST) to remove particles produced by the first filter is most commonly utilized. When nitrification is necessary, two-stage TF systems are also employed. Carbonaceous BOD is reduced in the first step by a filter and an intermediate clarifier, and nitrification occurs in the second stage.
1. Rate of Filter loading is high as required less land areas and smaller quantities of filter media for their installations.
2. Effluent obtained from the trickling filter is sufficient stabilized.
3. Working of Trickling filter is simple and does not require any skilled supervision.
4. They are flexible in operation.
5. They are self cleaning
6. Mechanical wear and tear is small as they contain less mechanical equipment.
Applications
Trickling filter applications vary based on media selection. our offers a variety of structured-sheet, plastic media configurations with differing flow patterns and surface areas to meet site-specific treatment objectives: BOD roughing, BOD removal, nitrification, and combined BOD removal and nitrification.
|
Trickling Filter Classification |
Wastewater Strength |
Effluent Quality |
Media Used |
|
Nitrification |
Extra Low |
0.5-3 mg/L |
Cross Flow Media with Small or Medium Flutes |
|
BOD Roughing |
High |
40-80% BOD Conversion |
Vertical Flow or Mixed Media |
|
BOD Removal |
Medium |
15-30 mg/L |
Cross Flow Media with Large Flutes |
|
BOD & Nitrification |
Low |
BOD < 10 mg/L |
Cross Flow Media with Medium Flutes |
Design Considerations
The filter is usually 1 to 2.5 m deep, but filters packed with lighter plastic filling can be up to 12 m deep. Primary treatment is essential to prevent clogging and to ensure efficient treatment. Adequate air flow is important to ensure sufficient treatment performance and prevent odours. The underdrains should provide a passageway for air at the maximum filling rate. A perforated slab supports the bottom of the filter, allowing the effluent and excess sludge to be collected. With time, the biomass will grow thick and the attached layer will be deprived of oxygen; it will enter an endogenous state, will lose its ability to stay attached and will slough off. High-rate loading conditions will also cause sloughing. The collected effluent should be clarified in a settling tank to remove any biomass that may have dislodged from the filter. The hydraulic and nutrient loading rate (i.e. how much wastewater can be applied to the filter) is determined based on wastewater characteristics, type of filter media, ambient temperature, and discharge requirements.
Adequate ventilation: Ensuring sufficient airflow through the filter bed helps to maintain aerobic conditions and reduce odor-causing anaerobic zones.
Odor scrubbers: Chemical or biological scrubbers can be used to treat the exhaust air from the filter to remove odor-causing compounds.
Biofiltration: Using specialized filter media with microorganisms that break down odor-causing compounds can help reduce odors.
Covering the filter: Enclosing the trickling filter can help to contain odors and prevent them from spreading.
Proper maintenance
Regular cleaning and inspection of the filter can help prevent odor issues.
Load balancing
Avoiding overloading the filter can help maintain optimal conditions and reduce odor production.
Nutrient control
Balancing nutrient levels in the wastewater can help prevent odor-causing conditions.
Although trickling filters are generally reliable processes, there is still a potential for operational problems. Common operating problems can be caused by increased growth of biofilm, changes in wastewater characteristics, improper design, or equipment failures. Below are some common problems followed by possible causes and corrective actions:
Disagreeable odors from filter
Excessive organic load causing anaerobic decomposition in filter - Reduce loading; increase BOD removal in primary settling tanks; enhance aerobic conditions in treatment units by adding chemical oxidants, preaerating, recycling plant effluent, or increasing air to aerated grit chambers; scrub off-gases; use plastic media instead of rock.
Inadequate ventilation - Increase hydraulic loading to wash out excess biological growth; remove debris from filter effluent channels, underdrains, and the top of filter media; unclog vent pipes; reduce hydraulic loading if underdrains are flooded; install fans to induce draft through filter; check for filter plugging resulting from breakdown of media.
Ponding on filter media
Excessive biological growth - Reduce organic loading; increase hydraulic loading to increase sloughing; use high pressure stream of water to flush filter surface; maintain 1 to 2 mg/L residual chlorine on the filter for several hours; flood filter for 24 hours; shut down filter to dry out media; replace media if necessary; remove debris.
Filter flies (psychoda)
Inadequate moisture on filter media - Increase hydraulic loading; unplug spray orifices or nozzles; use orifice opening at end of rotating distributor arms to spray filter walls; flood filter for several hours each week during fly season; maintain 1 to 2 mg/L residual chlorine on the filter for several hours.
Poor housekeeping - Mow area surrounding filter and remove weeds and shrubs.
Icing
Low temperature of wastewater - Decrease recirculation; use high-pressure stream of water to remove ice from orifices, nozzles, and distributor arms; reduce number of filters in service as long as effluent limits can still be met; reduce retention time in pretreatment and primary treatment units; construct windbreak or covers.
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